Cobalt mining, China, and the fight for Congo’s minerals
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is attempting to cash in on a 270% surge in price for cobalt, commonly found alongside rich copper deposits, by raising taxes on the metal five-fold. Foreign governments and corporations who depend on cobalt have protested the tax hike, threatening the stability of the commodity. Congo holds half the world’s cobalt reserves, a key component of the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power iPhones and electric cars.
Cobalt mining in DRC has also been the focus of human rights groups, such as Amnesty International, that have criticized the use of child labor. Blockchain technology has recently been proposed to track cobalt from mines in DRC to products as a way of ensuring it has not been mined by children.
Up until now, the main threat to mining investment has been the perennial violence in the hinterlands of the DRC. The lion’s share of copper and cobalt in the DRC is the South Eastern Katanga province, which was relatively safe until rebels launched an attack on the regional capital in 2013. The violence is ongoing, with thousands fleeing into neighboring countries.
Recently, however, the price of cobalt has been boosted by an increased demand for batteries and electric cars, which are becoming more popular in developed nations.
For technology firms that require a lot of cobalt for their products, such as Tesla, this has been bad news. The new proposed tax rate will also be bad for countries like China, which dominates cobalt refining and produces 80% of global cobalt chemicals output.
The tax proposal is also expected to further drive up the price of cobalt in an already tightening market. Metal prices have recently been in flux, especially in the last week, as zinc, nickel, copper and lead all have hit multi-year highs in the last month.
In order to officially become law, the tax legislation, which also includes wide ranging and costly changes to the metal extraction industry, needs the signature of the DRC President Joseph Kabila.
Foreign executives and diplomats hope to encourage President Kabila not to sign it. CEO’s from Glencore, a Swiss commodities group, and Randgold Resources, a UK-listed gold miner, have both traveled to the DRC to oppose the new law. Last month, those two companies, along with China Molybdenum, signed a letter promising to oppose the legislation “by all domestic and international means at their disposal.”
“One can expect unprecedented lobbying efforts from the sector to change the president’s mind before he signs the revised mining code into law,” Elisabeth Caesens of Resource Matters, a Brussels-based non-government organization, told the Financial Times.
Pressure from foreign governments will also be intense. For Chinese President Xi Jinping, the export of Congolese minerals has been a cornerstone of his presidency. Just weeks after assuming office in March 2013, he conducted a state visit to the DRC, as China already had a substantial stake in the DRC’s mining operations. In 2007, a deal was struck between Sicomines, a consortium of Chinese companies, and the Congolese government to trade infrastructure investments for mining concessions in the country. The mines, which finally went online in 2015, were soon followed by Chinese state funds, billions of dollars in private investment, and a flood of Chinese immigrants.
Despite its promising beginning, the honeymoon period for this metal-for-infrastructure deal is now over. In October 2017, the Congolese government issued an order for Sicomines to halt all exports of cheap unprocessed copper and cobalt, demanding that the processing be done locally, but then mysteriously rescinded the order. Then, in November 2017, more serious doubts about the infrastructure promise emerged when it was reported that only $478 million of the $1.16 billion loaned to Sicomines was actually dispersed into development projects. The rest of the money that was loaned between 2008 to 2014 turned out to be unaccounted for.
Simultaneous to all of this, DRC President Kabila’s political position within his country has not been particularly secure as protests continue in the country. The DRC has been in a constitutional crisis since December 2016, when the president refused to step down following the expiration of his term. Elections that were scheduled for the end of 2016 have been delayed to the end of 2018, and citizens have not responded well to their president’s effort to stay in office.
President Kabila has made some strategic moves to secure his political position in Katanga for the interim. In early 2015, he split the province into four administrative units to maintain cohesion between all the regional governors. Historically, divisiveness between those regional leaders has threatened the DRC, as they frequently attempted to split from the rest of the country. Mr. Kabila takes the separatist threat seriously; so much so, in fact, that on Jan. 3, 2018, police surrounded the home of a former governor of Katanga the day after he declared his candidacy for the upcoming elections.
President Kabila is from Katanga, and the province has served as a base of support for his administration. But the decision to sever the province has cost him dearly, with Katanganese politicians splitting from the central government and demanding that presidential elections be held immediately. Opponents suspect Mr. Kabila may propose a referendum to change Congo’s constitution, which would to enable him to remain in office for future terms.
[Title Image: Amnesty International]
LIMA CHARLIE NEWS, with Diego Lynch and James Fox
Lima Charlie provides global news, insight & analysis by military veterans and service members Worldwide.
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